Solar integration charges could make solar projects uneconomic and set a dangerous precedent. GridLab's expert testified in four cases against the proposals. It strongly criticized the methods of the utilities and asked the commission to invalidate the charges. Since then, the commission has denied the charges. We are now waiting for the outcome of these proceedings.
Inverters
Inverters can convert alternating voltage from a DC source to DC. They use a fast switching process to change the polarity of the input DC power into AC current. The output is often filtered in order to create a clean sinewave that can be injected into power grid. The repeating sine waves are free of harmonics, that can damage electrical equipment.
Inverters may also be used to provide grid services such a reactive power. Voltage and current are synchronized when electricity is delivered to a building. If there is a prolonged disturbance, a smart inverter will detect it and shut down the power supply. This feature is important because when power flows through the circuit without being absorbed by the devices, it loses efficiency and therefore, more total power will be consumed to produce the same "real" power.
Inverter technology
Inverters are essential components of solar integration. They enable continuous voltage, frequency, as well reactive power, to feed into the grid. It is also a critical interface between PV modules and the grid, enabling the most efficient feed-in of solar power. Many inverter companies offer support services for post-installation to ensure high performance and energy production.
Inverters convert direct current from solar panels into AC power. These devices are often mounted behind individual solar panel panels, but others can be installed with the panels.
Inverter costs
A solar inverter converts solar power into alternating current, or AC. It works by reducing the voltage to 120V, and increasing the current. The inverter's peak efficiency is a measure of its maximum power. The power it can deliver is equal to its voltage x its current, and its efficiency will vary based on temperature and sunlight.
New PV systems should be able reduce inverter costs and improve reliability to meet the increasing number of solar installations. This is important to enable the transition to renewable energy. Inverter manufacturers are working to reduce these costs.
Grid compatibility
A critical factor when building a photovoltaic system is the compatibility with the grid. Contrary to traditional power generation systems, solar power is directly fed into the distribution system and must meet certain safety and reliability requirements. In Germany, new PV projects must prove grid compatibility to obtain public funding and tax benefits. Accredited third-party certification organizations review the design documentation to make sure that a PGP will not cause problems when hooked up to the power grid.
To ensure grid compatibility for solar integration, it is necessary to understand the whole energy system. This includes all factors affecting DER operators and utilities as well as end users. A holistic approach can help us build a reliable, resilient, and secure energy system. Emerging technologies like smart inverters and battery energy storage systems can improve grid resilience and power, as well as create new opportunities for economic efficiency and economic growth.
Utility-scale solar integration
The differences between the state and local authorities may make utility-scale integration more difficult. While there are certain requirements that all states must meet, regulations for each state will vary. Regulatory bodies oversee regional reliability entities, which may affect the scope and feasibility of utility-scale solar integration. A neighboring jurisdiction may have different requirements or policies regarding solar projects.
Utility-scale projects can benefit from economies of scale. They can generate as much as one kW of electricity per 100 square feet of solar panels. A megawatt generated electricity will require an additional five to 10 acres.